How Do Bikes Stay Up?

String Theory and the Universe Lecture by Edward Witten

The theory of everything so far

https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0405097.pdf

luca Giuggioli diffusion equation

luca Giuggioli diffusion equation

Escape Speed

A satellite is revolving in a circular orbit at a height 'h' from the earth's surface(radius of earth R$;$ h$$<<$$R). The minimum increase in its orbital velocity required, so that the satellite could escape from the earth's gravitational field, is closed to(Neglect the effect of atmosphere.)

https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/a-satellite-is-revolving-in-a-circular-orbit-at-a-height-h-from-the-earth/

https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/a-satellite-is-revolving-in-a-circular-orbit-at-a/

Andrew Rex - Commonly asked questions in physcis

1 Classical Mechanics 1
1-What Is Physics? 1
2-What Is the SI System of Units? 2
3-How Are SI Units Defined? 2
4-What Are SI Base Units and Derived Units? 3
5-Are SI Units the Only Ones Used in Physics? 4
6-What Are Velocity and Acceleration? 4
7-Are Velocity and Speed the Same? 6
8-What Is a Force? 8
9-What Are Newton’s Laws of Motion? 8
10-Are Mass and Weight the Same? 9
11-Why Do Different Masses (or Weights) Fall at the Same Rate? 10
12-What Are Friction and Drag Forces? 10
13-What Are Work and Energy? 11
14-What Is the Work–Energy Theorem? 12
15-What Is Potential Energy? 12
16-What Is Conservation of Mechanical Energy? 12
17-What Is Power? 13
18-What Is Momentum Conservation? 13
19-How Do Rockets Work? 14
20-What Is Center of Mass? 14
21-What Is Simple Harmonic Motion? 15
22-What Are Torque and Angular Momentum? 17
23-What Is a Gyroscope? 18
24-What Is Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation? 19
25-Why Is Newton’s Gravitation Law Considered “Universal”? 19
26-What Keeps Planets and Satellites in Orbit? 20
27-What Orbits Do the Planets Follow? 21
28-What Other Kinds of Orbital Paths Are Possible? 21
29-What Is a Geosynchronous Satellite? 21
30-Why Does the Acceleration due to Gravity Vary with Altitude and
Latitude? 22
31-What Is the Coriolis Force? 23
32-Can Classical Mechanics Explain Everything? 23

2 Electromagnetism and Electronics 25
33-What Are Electric Charges, and How Do They Affect Each Other? 25
34-Why Do I Get Shocked after Walking on Carpet? 26
35-What Is Coulomb’s Law? 26
36-How Strong Is the Electric Force Compared with Gravity? 26
37-What Is Quantization of Charge? 27
38-What Is an Electric Field? 27
39-What Happens in a Thunderstorm? 28
40-What Is Electric Potential? 29
41-What Is a Capacitor? 29
42-How Does a Defibrillator Work? 30
43-What Are Electric Current and Resistance? 30
44-What Is Ohm’s Law? 31
45-What Are Semiconductors? 32
46-What Are Diodes and Transistors? 33
47-What Are Superconductors? 35
48-What Are Some Applications of Superconductors? 36
49-What Are Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetic Fields? 36
50-What about Earth’s Magnetic Field? 38
51-How Do Animals Use Earth’s Magnetic Field? 39
52-What Is Electromagnetism? 39
53-What Is Magnetic Induction? 39
54-How Does an Electromagnet Work? 40
55-What Is a Solenoid? 41
56-How Are Magnetic Materials like Electromagnets? 42
57-What Are Direct Current and Alternating Current? 43
58-How Do Electric Motors Work? 44
59-What Is an Electromagnetic Wave? 45
60-What Is the Electromagnetic Spectrum? 46
61-How Does Wireless Communication Work? 47
62-How Does a Microwave Oven Work? 48

3 Solids and Fluids 49
63-What Are the States of Matter? 49
64-What Is Plasma? 50
65-How Are the States of Matter Related to Density, Pressure, and
Temperature? 50
66-What Makes Some Solids Stronger Than Others? 51
67-What Is a Fluid? 52
68-Why Does Fluid Pressure Depend on Depth? 52
69-How Does a Barometer Work? 54
70-What Is Decompression Sickness? 54
71-How Is Air Pressure Related to Weather? 55
72-What Does Your Blood Pressure Mean? 56
73-What Causes Buoyancy? 56
74-What Is Bernoulli’s Principle? 57
75-What Is Surface Tension? 58
76-What Is a Superfluid? 60
77-What Are Transverse and Longitudinal Waves? 61
78-What Is Wave Interference? 62
79-What Is a Standing Wave? 62
80-What Is a Tsunami (Tidal Wave)? 63
81-How Is Sound Generated? 64
82-What Is the Speed of Sound? 64
83-What Is the Decibel Scale? 65
84-How Does Your Hearing Work? 65
85-How Are Music and Musical Harmonies Made? 67
86-What Is the Doppler Effect? 68
87-What Makes a Sonic Boom? 69

4 Quantum Mechanics 71
88-What Is Quantization? 71
89-How Are Mass and Electric Charge Quantized? 72
90-How Is Atomic Energy Quantized? 73
91-What Is Blackbody Radiation? 74
92-How Is Electromagnetic Radiation Quantized? 76
93-What Is a Photon? 76
94-What Is the Photoelectric Effect? 77
95-What Is Wave–Particle Duality? 80
96-What Does the Two-Slit Experiment Reveal about Wave–Particle
Duality? 80
97-What Are Particle Waves? 82
98-What Is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle? 83
99-What Does Quantum Mechanics Tell Us about Hydrogen Atoms? 84
100-How Does Quantum Mechanics Describe Transitions between States? 87
101-How Does Quantum Mechanics Apply to Other Atoms? 87
102-What Is the Zeeman Effect? 90
103-What Is the Stern–Gerlach Experiment? 91
104-What Are NMR and MRI? 91
105-What Is Quantum Tunneling? 91
106-What Is a Quantum Computer? 92
107-What Are Some Other Applications of Quantum Mechanics? 92

5 Light and Optics 95
108-What Is Light? 95
109-What Are Ray Optics and Wave Optics? 96
110-What Is the Law of Reflection? 96
111-How Does the Law of Reflection Explain the Images You See in
a Mirror? 97
112-Why Doesn’t Everything Reflect like a Mirror? 97
113-How Do Curved Mirrors Form Images? 97
114-What Is Refraction? 99
115-What Is Total Internal Reflection, and How Is It Used? 101
116-What Is Dispersion? 101
117-Why Do Diamonds Sparkle? 102
118-How Do Rainbows Form? 102
119-How Do Lenses Work? 103
120-How Do Converging Lenses Form Images? 105
121-Does Your Eye Form Images This Way? 106
122-What Are Aberration Effects in Lenses? 106
123-What Are Some Common Refractive Vision Disorders, and How Are They
Corrected with Lenses? 106
124-What Does Your Corrective Lens Prescription Mean? 107
125-How Do Microscopes Work? 108
126-What Is an Electron Microscope? 109
127-How Do Telescopes Work? 109
128-How Does a Refracting Telescope Work? 110
129-How Does a Reflecting Telescope Work? 111
130-What Are Some Novel Designs for Modern Reflecting Telescopes? 113
131-Can You Use Telescopes to See Other Kinds of (Invisible) Radiation? 113
132-How Does Interference Reveal Light’s Wave Properties? 114
133-Can You See Thin-Film Interference from White Light? 114
134-Are There Any Useful Applications of Interference? 116
135-What Is Diffraction? 117
136-What Is Polarization, and Why Is It Useful? 117
137-Why Is the Sky Blue? 118
138-How Do Lasers Work, and What Makes Them Different from Other Light
Sources? 118
139-How Do CD and DVD Players Work? 119
140-What Is a Light-Emitting Diode? 119
141-What Is a Solar (Photovoltaic) Cell? 120

6 Thermodynamics 121
142-What Is Temperature? 121
143-What Are Some Common Temperature Scales? 122
144-What Is the Kinetic Theory of Gases? 123
145-What Is Thermal Expansion? 125
146-What Are the Units for Thermal Energy, Heat, and Food Energy? 127
147-What Are Heat Capacity and Specific Heat? 128
148-How Is Specific Heat Measured for Gases? 128
149-What Is the Equipartition Theorem? 129
150-What Are Phase Changes? 130
151-What Is Latent Heat? 131
152-What Is Evaporative Cooling? 131
153-What Is the First Law of Thermodynamics? 131
154-What Are Conduction, Convection, and Radiation? 132
155-How Does a Thermos Bottle Work? 133
156-What Is the Greenhouse Effect? 133
157-What Is the Second Law of Thermodynamics? 134
158-What Is Entropy? 135
159-What Is a Heat Engine? 137
160-How Do Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps Work? 138
161-What Is a Fuel Cell? 138
162-What Are Quantum Statistics? 139
163-How Cold Can You Get? 140

7 Atoms and Nuclei 143
164-Atoms and Elements—What Are They? 143
165-What Are Atomic Spectra? 144
166-What Is the Rutherford–Bohr Model of the Atom? 144
167-What Are Atomic Orbitals and Shells? 148
168-How Do Atomic Shells and Subshells Explain the Periodic Table? 149
169-How Are X-Rays Produced? 150
170-What Is the Difference between Characteristic and Bremsstrahlung
X-Rays? 151
171-How Do Medical X-Rays Work? 152
172-What Are the Basic Properties of Nuclei? 153
173-What Is the Strong (Nuclear) Force? 153
174-How Are Nuclei Bound by the Nuclear Force? 155
175-Which Combinations of Z and N Are More Stable? 155
176-What Is Nuclear Binding Energy? 156
177-What Are the Benefits and Dangers of Radioactive Nuclei? 156
178-What Is Alpha Decay? 156
179-What Is Beta Decay? 158
180-What Is Gamma Decay? 159
181-What Is a Radioactive Half-Life? 160
182-What Are Decay Chains? 160
183-How Are Radioactive Nuclides Used in Medicine? 161
184-How Does Radioactive Dating Work? 162
185-What Is Fission? 163
186-What Is a Chain Reaction? 164
187-What Makes an Atomic Bomb Work? 165
188-How Much Energy Is Released in Fission? 165
189-How Does a Nuclear Reactor Work? 165
190-What Is Fusion? 168
191-What Is a Hydrogen Bomb? 169
192-What Are the Prospects for Large-Scale Energy Production from
Fusion? 169

8 Fundamental Particles and Forces 171
193-What Are Fundamental and Composite Particles? 171
194-What Are the Historical Roots of the Search for Fundamental Particles? 172
195-What Is Antimatter? 172
196-What Is the Relative Abundance of Matter and Antimatter in the
Universe? 173
197-What Is the Particle Zoo? 173
198-How Do Particles Mediate Forces? 176
199-What Are Quarks? 176
200-What Is Color Charge? 178
201-What Are Gluons? 179
202-What Is Quark Confinement? 179
203-What Are Leptons? 179
204-What Is Neutrino Oscillation? 181
205-What Is the Weak Force? 182
206-What Is a Feynman Diagram? 182
207-What Conservation Laws Are Associated with Hadrons and Leptons? 184
208-What Is the Higgs Boson? 185
209-What Is Unification? 185

9 Relativity 187
210-What’s the Difference between Special Relativity and General Relativity? 187
211-How Was Special Relativity Developed? 188
212-What are the Two Principles (or Postulates) of Special Relativity? 189
213-How Are Time and Distance Measurements Affected in Relativity? 190
214-What Are Proper Time and Proper Length? 190
215-How Are Time Dilation and Length Contraction Related? 191
216-What Is the Twin Paradox? 192
217-Can You Travel Backward in Time? 193
218-What Is Spacetime? 193
219-How Are Velocity Measurements Affected by High Speeds? 194
220-What Is the Doppler Effect? 195
221-What Is Relativistic Energy? 196
222-What Are Photons? 198
223-How Is Relativity Connected to Electromagnetism? 199
224-What Is the Principle of Equivalence? 199
225-How Does General Relativity Describe Gravity? 200
226-What Are Some Consequences of General Relativity? 200
227-What Is a Black Hole? 202
228-What Are Gravitational Waves? 203
229-How Do We Use Relativity? 203
230-So Is Everything Really Relative? 204

10 Astrophysics and Cosmology 207
231-What Are Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology? 207
232-How Was Our Solar System Formed? 208
233-How Was the Moon Formed? 209
234-What Are the Orbits of the Planets? 209
235-What Other Objects Are in the Solar System? 211
236-Why Isn’t Pluto Considered a Planet? 212
237-What Is the Solar Wind? 213
238-What Are Stars? 213
239-How Do Stars Evolve in Time? 214
240-How Are Stars Classified? 214
241-What Is a Supernova? 215
242-What Are Galaxies? 217
243-How Has the Universe Evolved in Time? 218
244-What Is the Evidence for the Big Bang and Expanding Universe? 218
245-How Are Cosmic Distances Determined? 219
246-What Are Dark Matter and Dark Energy? 220
247-Where Do We Go from Here? 221

Kenneth W. Ford - 101 Soruda Kuantum - 101 Quantum Questions

I. Bölüm - Atom Altı Dünya
1-Kuantum nedir?
2-Kuantum fizik yasaları nerede hüküm sürer?
3-Uyumluluk ilkesi nedir?
4-Bir atom ne kadar büyüktür*
5-Atomun içinde ne vardır?
6-Katı madde eğer çoğunlukla boş mekansa neden katıdır?
7-Bir elektron ne kadar büyüktür? İçinde bir şey var mıdır?

I. The Subatomic World
1. What is a quantum, anyway?
2. Where do the laws of quantum physics hold sway?
3. What is the correspondence principle?
4. How big is an atom?
5. What is inside an atom?
6. Why is solid matter solid if it is mostly empty space?
7. How big is an electron? Is there anything inside it?

II. Bölüm - Derine İnmek
8-Bir çekirdek ne kadar büyüktür? İçinde ne vardır?
9-Proton ve nötronun büyüklüğü nedir? İçlerinde ne vardır?
10-Planck sabiti nedir ve neden önemlidir?
11-Foton nedir?
12-Fotoelektrik etki nedir?
13-Hangi parçacıkların temel olduğu düşünülmektedir?
14-Standart model nedir?

II. Digging Deeper
8. How big is a nucleus? What is inside it?
9. How big are protons and neutrons? What is inside them?
10. What is Planck’s constant and what is its significance?
11. What is a photon?
12. What is the photoelectric effect?
13. What particles are believed to be fundamental? What particles are composite?
14. What is the standard model?

III. Bölüm - Küçük ve Çevik
15-Kuantum mesafe ölçekleri nelerdir?
16-Bir parçacık başka bir parçacığı etkilemek için ne kadar uzağa uzanabilir?
17-Parçacıklar hangi hızla hareket eder?
18-Kuantum zaman ölçekleri nelerdir?
19-E=mc^2 'nin anlamı nedir?
20-Elektrik yükü nedir?
21-Spin nedir?

III. The Small and the Swift
15. What are some quantum scales of distance?
16. How far can one particle “reach out” to influence another one?
17. How fast do particles move?
18. What are some quantum scales of time?
19. What is the meaning of E = mc2?
20. What is electric charge?
21. What is spin?

IV. Bölüm - Kuantum Öbekler ve Kuantum Sıçramalar
22-Neler öbeklidir, neler değildir? 
23-"Hareket durumu" nedir?
24-Uyarılmış hareket durumundaki bir hidrojen atomu farklı durumdaki aynı atom mudur, yoksa başka bir atom mudur?
25-Kuantum sayıları nedir? Birleştirilme kuralları nedir?
26-Kuantum sıçrama nedir?
27-Kuantum fiziğinde olasılığın rolü nedir?
28-kuantum dünyasında hiç belirlilik var mı?

IV. Quantum Lumps and Quantum Jumps
22. What are some things that are lumpy (and some that are not)?
23. What is a “state of motion”?
24. Is a hydrogen atom in an excited state of motion the same atom in a different state or is it a different atom?
25. What are quantum numbers? What are the rules for combining them?
26. What is a quantum jump?
27. What is the role of probability in quantum physics?
28. Is there any certainty in the quantum world?

V. Bölüm - Atomlar ve Çekirdekler
29-Çizgi spektrumu nedir? Bize atomlar hakkında ne öğretmektedir?
30-Element tablosu neden periyodiktir? 
31-Ağır atomlar neden hafif atomlarla neredeyse aynı büyüklüktedir?
32-Protonlar ve nötronlar çekirdek içerisinde nasıl hareket ederler?
33-Atom numarası ve (bağıl) atom kütlesi nedir?

V. Atoms and Nuclei
29. What is a line spectrum? What does it reveal about atoms?
30. Why is the chart of the elements periodic?
31. Why are heavy atoms nearly the same size as lightweight atoms?
32. How do protons and neutrons move within a nucleus?
33. What are atomic number and atomic mass?

VI. Bölüm - Çekirdeklere Devam
34-Periyodik tablo niçin son bulur?
35-Radyoaktivite nedir? Biçimleri nelerdir?
36-Nötron çekirdek içerisinde kararlıyken, yalnız olduğunda neden kararsızdır?
37-Nükleer bölünme(fisyon) nedir? Neden enerji açığa çıkartır?
38-Nükleer birleşme (füzyon) nasıl gerçekleşiyor?

VI. And More about Nuclei
34. Why does the periodic table end?
35. What is radioactivity? What are its forms?
36. Why is the neutron stable within a nucleus but unstable when alone?
37. What is nuclear fission? Why does it release energy?
38. What about nuclear fusion?

VII. Bölüm - Parçacıklar
39-Lepton nedir? Nitelikleri nelerdir?
40-Kaç farklı nötrino var? Nereden biliyoruz?
41-Nötrinoların kütlesi var mıdır? Neden 'salınırlar'?
42-Parçacıkların gerçekten sadece üç nesli mi vardır?
43-Tüm elektronların özdeş olduğunu nereden biliyoruz?

VII. Particles
39. What is a lepton? What are its flavors?
40. How many distinct neutrinos are there? How do we know?
41. Do neutrinos have mass? Why do they “oscillate”?
42. Are there really only three generations of particles?
43. How do we know that all electrons are identical?

VIII. Bölüm - Parçacıklara Devam
44-İsimler, isimler, isimler. Tüm bunlar ne anlama geliyor?
45-Kuarkların özellikleri nelerdir? Nasıl birleşirler?
46-Bileşik parçacıklar hangileridir? Sayıları nedir?
47-Her parçacığın bir fermiyon ya da bozon olması zorunlu mudur? Bu iki sınıfı ayıran nedir?
48-Bose-Einstein yoğunlaşması nedir?
49-Bozon ve fermiyonlar isimlerini nereden alır?

VIII. And More Particles
44. Names, names, names. What do they all mean?
45. What are the properties of quarks? How do they combine?
46. What are the composite particles? How many are there?
47. Does every particle have to be a fermion or a boson? What sets these two classes apart?
48. What is a Bose–Einstein condensate?
49. How did bosons and fermions get their names?

IX. Bölüm - Etkileşimler
50-Feynman diyagramı nedir?
51-Feynman diyagramlarının ana özellikleri nelerdir? 
52-Feynman diyagramlarında yeğin, zayıf ve elektromanyetik etkileşimler nasıl gösterilir?
53-Hangi parçacıklar kararlıdır? Hangileri kararsızdır? Bir parçacığın bozunduğunu söylemek ne anlama gelmektedir?
54-Saçılım nedir?
55-Bir saçılım veya bir bozunumun öncesi ve sonrasında aynı kalan nedir?
56-Bir saçılım veya bozunum sırasında ne değişir?

IX. Interactions
50. What is a Feynman diagram?
51. What are the essential features of Feynman diagrams?
52. How do Feynman diagrams illustrate the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions?
53. Which particles are stable? Which are unstable? What does it mean to say that a particle decays?
54. What is scattering?
55. What is the same before and after a scattering or a decay?
56. What changes during a scattering or decay?

X. Bölüm - Değişimdeki Sabitlik
57-Mutlak korunum yasalarının "dört büyükleri" kimler?
58-Kuantum dünyasında başka hangi mutlak korunum yasaları geçerlidir?
59-TCP teoremi nedir?
60-Sadece "kısmi" olan korunum yasaları hangileridir?
61-Hangi simetri ilkeleri sadece "kısmidir"?
62-Yasaklama ve zorunluluk yasaları nedir?
63-Simetri, değişmezlik ve korunum kavramları birbirleriyle nasıl ilişkilenmektedir?

X. Constancy during Change
57. What are the “big four” absolute conservation laws?
58. What additional absolute conservation laws operate in the quantum world?
59. What is the TCP theorem?
60. What conservation laws are only “partial”?
61. What symmetry principles are only “partial”?
62. What are laws of compulsion and of prohibition?
63. How are the concepts of symmetry, invariance, and conservation related?

XI. Bölüm - Dalgalar ve Parçacıklar
64-Dalgalar ve prçacıkların ortak noktaları nelerdir? Farkları nelerdir?
65-De Broglie nedir? Neden önemlidir?
66-Dalgaların kuantum öbekleriyle bağlantısı nedir?
67-Dalgaların atomların boyutlarıyla bağlantısı nedir?
68-Kırınım nedir? Girişim nedir?
69-Çift yarık deneyi nedir? Neden önemlidir?
70-Tünelleme nedir?

XI. Waves and Particles
64. What do waves and particles have in common? How do they differ?
65. What is the de Broglie equation? What is its significance?
66. How are waves related to quantum lumps?
67. How do waves relate to the size of atoms?
68. What is diffraction? What is interference?
69. What is the two-slit experiment? Why is it important?
70. What is tunneling?

XII. Bölüm - Dalgalar ve Olasılık
71-Dalga fonksiyonu nedir? Schrödinger denklemi nedir?
72-Dalgalar olasılıkları nasıl belirler?
73-Dalgalar parçacıkların sabit konuma sahip olmalarını nasıl engeller?
74-belirsizlik ilkesi nedir?
75-Belirsizlik ilkesi, maddenin dalga doğası ile nasıl ilişkilenir?
76-Üst üste binme nedir?
77-Dalgalar gerekli mi?

XII. Waves and Probability
71. What is a wave function? What is Schrödinger’s equation?
72. How do waves determine probabilities?
73. How do waves prevent particles from having fixed positions?
74. What is the uncertainty principle?
75. How does the uncertainty principle relate to the wave nature of matter?
76. What is superposition?
77. Are waves necessary?

XIII. Bölüm - Kuantum Fiziği ve Teknoloji
78-Parçacıklar ışık hızına yakın hızlara nasıl çıkartılıyorlar?
79-Yüksek enerjili parçacıkların algılanması nasıl gerçekleşir?
80-Lazer nasıl çalışır?
81-Bir metalde elektronlar nasıl davranır?
82-Yarı iletken nedir?
83-Bir p-n yüzey birleşimi nedir? Niçin diyottur?
84-Diyotlar nerelerde kullanılır?
85-Transistör nedir?

XIII. Quantum Physics and Technology
78. How are particles pushed close to the speed of light?
79. How are high–energy particles detected?
80. How does a laser work?
81. How do electrons behave in a metal?
82. What is a semiconductor?
83. What is a p–n junction? Why is it a diode?
84. What are some uses of diodes?
85. What is a transistor?


XIV. Bölüm - Tüm Ölçeklerde Kuantum Fiziği
86-Kara delikler neden buharlaşır?
87-Güneş'in merkezinde kuantum fiziği nasıl işler?
88-Süer iletkenlik nedir?
89-Süper akışkanlık nedir?
90-Josephson eklemi nedir?
91-Kuantum benek nedir?
92-Kuark-gluon plazması nedir?
93-Planck uzunluğu nedir? Kuantum köpüğü nedir?

XIV. Quantum Physics at Every Scale
86. Why do black holes evaporate?
87. How does quantum physics operate in the center of the Sun?
88. What is superconductivity?
89. What is superfluidity?
90. What is a Josephson junction?
91. What is a quantum dot?
92. What is a quark–gluon plasma?
93. What is the Planck length? What is quantum foam?

XV. Bölüm - Sınırlar ve Bulmacalar
94-Fizikçiler neden 137 sayısını sever?
95-Dolanıklık nedir?
96-Bell eşitsizliği nedir?
97-Kubit nedir? Kuantum hesaplama nedir?
98-Higgs parçacığı nedir? Neden önemldir?
99-Sicim kuramı nedir?
100-"Ölçüm sorunu" nedir?
101-Niçin kuantum?

XV. Frontiers and Puzzles
94. Why are physicists in love with the number 137?
95. What is entanglement?
96. What is Bell’s in equality?
97. What is a qubit? What is quantum computing?
98. What is the Higgs particle? Why is it important?
99. What is string theory?
100. What is the “measurement problem”?
101. How come the quantum?

Teorik Fizik Kitapları - Ahmed Yüksel Özemre

https://www.ozemre.com/arsiv/teorik-fizik-kitaplari

Electromagnetic Theory

Unit 1: Coordinate systems and transformation and vector calculus: 26 topics
Unit 2: Electrostatics and Electric field in material space: 39 topics
Unit 3: Magnetostatics and magnetic forces , materials and devices: 23 topics
Unit 4: Waves and Applications and Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: 22 topics
Unit 5: Transmision lines and waveguides: 21 topics
total: 131 topics

Unit 1: Coordinate systems and transformation and vector calculus: topics 1-26
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Unit 2: Electrostatics and Electric field in material space: topics 27-65
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Unit 3: Magnetostatics and magnetic forces , materials and devices: topics 66-88
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Unit 4: Waves and Applications and Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: topics 89-110
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Unit 5: Transmision lines and waveguides: topics 111-131
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Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics

1-
A hungry bear weighing 700 N walks out on a beam in an attempt to retrieve a basket of goodies hanging at the end of the beam. The beam is uniform, weighs 200 N, and is 6.00 m long, and it is supported by a wire at an angle of theta = 60.0 degrees. The basket weighs 80.0 N. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for the beam. (b) When the bear is at x = 1.00 m, find the tension in the wire and the components of the force exerted by the wall on the left end of the beam. (c) If the wire can withstand a maximum tension of 900 N, what is the maximum distance the bear can walk before the wire breaks?

2-
A 500-N uniform rectangular sign 4.00 m wide and 3.00 m high is suspended from a horizontal, 6.00-m-long, uniform, 100-N rod as indicated in Figure P8.19. The left end of the rod is supported by a hinge, and the right end is supported by a thin cable making a 30.0° angle with the vertical. (a) Find the tension T in the cable. (b) Find the horizontal and vertical components of force exerted on the left end of the rod by the hinge.

3-
One end of a uniform 4.0-m-long rod of weight w is supported by a cable at an angle of θ= 37° with the rod. The other end rests against a wall, where it is held by friction. The coefficient of static friction between the wall and the rod is μ_s=0.50. Determine the minimum distance x from point A at which an additional weight w (the same as the weight of the rod) can be hung without causing the rod to slip at point A.

4-
The puck in the figure has a mass of 0.120 kg. Its original distance from the center of rotation is 40.0 cm, and it moves with a speed of 80.0 cm/s. The string is pulled downward 15.0 cm through the hole in the frictionless table. Determine the work done on the puck. Hint: Consider the change in kinetic energy of the puck.

5-
In exercise physiology studies, it is sometimes important to determine the location of a person’s center of gravity. This can be done with the arrangement shown in the Figure. A light plank rests on two scales that read Fg1 = 380 N and Fg2 = 320 N. The scales are separated by a distance of 2.00 m. How far from the woman’s feet is her center of gravity?

6-
Four objects are held in position at the corners of a rectangle by light rods as shown in Figure P8.31. Find the moment of inertia of the system about (a) the x-axis, (b) the y-axis, and (c) an axis through O and perpendicular to the page.

7-
A solid cylinder of radius 10 cm and mass 12 kg starts from rest and rolls without slipping a distance L = 6.0 m down a roof that is inclined at the angle ϴ = 30ο. (a) What is the angular speed of the cylinder about its center as it leaves the roof? (b) The roof's edge is at height H = 5.0 m. How far horizontally from the roof's edge does the cylinder hit the level ground?

8-
The figure below shows a rigid structure consisting of a circular hoop of radius R and mass m, and a square made of four thin bars, each of length R and mass m. The rigid structure rotates at a constant speed about a vertical axis, with a period of rotation of 2.5 s. Assuming R = 0.50 m and m = 2.0 kg, calculate (a) the structure's rotational inertia about the axis of rotation and (b) its angular momentum about that axis.

9-
A lead brick rests horizontally on cylinders A and B. The areas of the top faces of the cylinders are related by A_A = 2A_B; the Young's moduli of the cylinders are related by E_A =2E_B. The cylinders had identical lengths before the brick was placed on them. What fraction of the brick's mass is supported (a) by cylinder A and (b) by cylinder B? The horizontal distances between the center of mass of the brick and the centerlines of the cylinders are d_A for cylinder A and d_B for cylinder b. (c) What is the ratio d_A/d_B?

10-
A uniform ladder whose length is 5.0 m and whose weight is 400 N leans against a frictionless vertical wall. The coefficient of static friction between the level ground and the foot of the ladder is 0.46. What is the greatest distance the foot of the ladder can be placed from the base of the wall without the ladder immediately slipping?

11-
One end of a uniform beam of weight 222 N is hinged to a wall; the other end is supported by a wire that makes angles ϴ = 30.0ο with both wall and beam. Find (a) the tension in the wire and the (b) horizontal and (c) vertical components of the force of the hinge on the beam.

12-
A cockroach of mass m lies on the rim of a uniform disk of mass 4.00m that can rotate freely about its center like a merry-go-round. Initially the cockroach and disk rotate together with an angular velocity of 0.260 rad/s. Then the cockroach walks halfway to the center of the disk. (a) What then is the angular velocity of the cockroach-disk system? (b) What is the ratio K/K_0 of the new kinetic energy of the system to its initial kinetic energy? (c) What accounts for the change in the kinetic energy?

13-
Two window washers, Bob and Joe, are on a 3.00-m-long, 345-N scaffold supported by two cables attached to its ends. Bob weighs 750 N and stands 1.00 m from the left end, as shown in the figure. Two meters from the left end is the 500-N washing equipment. Joe is 0.500 m from the right end and weighs 1 000 N. Given that the scaffold is in rotational and translational equilibrium, what are the forces on each cable?

14-
The large quadriceps muscle in the upper leg terminates at its lower end in a tendon attached to the upper end of the tibia. The forces on the lower leg when the leg is extended are modeled as in the figure, where T is the force of tension in the tendon, w is the force of gravity acting on the lower leg, and F is the force of gravity acting on the foot. Find T when the tendon is at an angle of 25.0° with the tibia, assuming that w = 30.0 N, F = 12.5 N, and the leg is extended at an angle ϴ of 40.0° with the vertical. Assume that the center of gravity of the lower leg is at its center and that the tendon attaches to the lower leg at a point one-fifth of the way down the leg.

15-
A 1200-N uniform boom at Φ = 65° to the horizontal is supported by a cable at an angle ϴ = 25.0° to the horizontal as shown in the figure. The boom is pivoted at the bottom, and an object of weight w = 2000 N hangs from its top. Find (a) the tension in the support cable and (b) the components of the reaction force exerted by the pivot on the boom.

16-
A playground merry-go-round of radius 2.00 m has a moment of inertia I = 275 kg•m^2 and is rotating about a frictionless vertical axle. As a child of mass 25.0 kg stands at a distance of 1.00 m from the axle, the system (merry-go-round and child) rotates at the rate of 14.0 rev/min. The child then proceeds to walk toward the edge of the merry-go-round. What is the angular speed of the system when the child reaches the edge?

17-
An automobile with a mass of 1360 kg has 3.05 m between the front and rear axles. Its center of gravity is located 1.78 m behind the front axle. With the automobile on level ground, determine the magnitude of the force from the ground on (a) each front wheel (assuming equal forces on the front wheels) and (b) each rear wheel (assuming equal forces on the rear wheels).

18-
In the figure, suppose the length L of the uniform bar is 3.00 m and its weight is 200 N. Also, let the block's weight W = 300 N and the angle ϴ = 30.0˚. The wire can withstand a maximum tension of 500 N. (a) What is the maximum possible distance x before the wire breaks? With the block placed at this maximum x, what are the (b) horizontal and (c)vertical components of the force on the bar from the hinge at A?

19-
In the figure, what magnitude of (constant) force F applied horizontally at the axle of the wheel is necessary to raise the wheel over an obstacle of height h = 3.00 cm? The wheel's radius is 6.00 cm, and its mass is m = 0.800 kg.

20-
A cubical box is filled with sand and weighs 890 N. We wish to "roll" the box by pushing horizontally on one of the upper edges. (a) What minimum force is required? (b) What minimum coefficient of static friction between box and floor is required? (c) If there is a more efficient way to roll the box, find the smallest possible force that would have to be applied directly to the box to roll it. (Hint: At the onset of tipping, where is the normal force located?)

21-
A uniform solid sphere rolls down an incline. What must be the incline angle if the linear acceleration of the center of the sphere is to have a value of 0.10g? (b) If a frictionless block were to slide down the incline at that angle, would its acceleration magnitude be more than, less than, or equal to 0.10g? Why?

22-
A Texas cockroach first rides at the center of a circular disk that rotates freely like a merry-go-round without external torques. The cockroach then walks out to the edge of the disk, at radius R. The figure gives the angular speed ω of the cockroach-disk system during the walk. The scale on the ω axis is set by ωa = 5.0 rad/s and ωb = 6.0 rad/s. When the cockroach is on the edge at radius R, what is the ratio of the bug's rotational inertia to that of the disk, both calculated about the rotation axis?

23-
The system in the figure is in equilibrium. A concrete block of mass 225 kg hangs from the end of the uniform strut of mass 45.0 kg. For angles Ф = 30.0° and θ = 45.0°, find (a) the tension T in the cable and the (b) horizontal and (c) vertical components of the force on the strut from the hinge.

24-
A 60-kg cabinet is mounted on casters that can be locked to prevent their rotation. The coefficient of static friction between the floor and each caster is 0.35. If h = 600 mm, determine the magnitude of the force P required to move the cabinet to the right (a) if all the casters are locked, (b) if the casters at B are locked and the casters at A are free to rotate, (c) if the casters at A are locked and the casters at B are free to rotate.

25-
A solid, uniform disk of radius 0.250 m and mass 55.0 kg rolls down a ramp of length 4.50 m that makes an angle of 15.0° with the horizontal. The disk starts from rest from the top of the ramp. Find (a) the speed of the disk’s center of mass when it reaches the bottom of the ramp and (b) the angular speed of the disk at the bottom of the ramp.

26-
The driver of a car on a horizontal road makes an emergency stop by applying the brakes so that all four wheels lock and skid along the road. The coefficient of kinetic friction between tires and road is 0.40. The separation between the front and rear axles is L = 4.2 m, and the center of mass of the car is located at distance d = 1.8 m behind the front axle and distance h = 0.75 m above the road. The car weighs 11 kN. Find the magnitude of (a) the braking acceleration of the car, (b) the normal force on each rear wheel, (c) the normal force on each front wheel, (d) the braking force on each rear wheel, and (e) the braking force on each front wheel. (Hint: Although the car is not in translational equilibrium, it is in rotational equilibrium.)